Elections in England are the foundation of democracy, giving people the power to shape their future by choosing leaders and representatives. But with so many types of elections, it can be confusing to know what each one involves. Let’s break it down step-by-step so you can understand how elections work and why they matter.
Why Do We Have Different Types of Elections?
Each type of election serves a specific purpose. Some decide who will run the country, while others determine who manages local services like schools, public transport, and waste collection.
Here’s a closer look at the six main types of elections in England and how they work.
1. General Elections: Choosing the Country’s Leaders
What Are They?
General elections decide who will sit in the House of Commons (Parliament) and ultimately, who will become the Prime Minister.
When Do They Happen?
- Held every five years, unless an earlier election is called.
- The next scheduled election date is set in advance, but it can change in special cases, such as a vote of no confidence in the government.
How Do They Work?
- Announcement: The election date is announced at least 25 working days in advance.
- Campaigning: Political parties and candidates share their plans (called manifestos) to win your vote.
- Voting Day:
- Polling stations are open from 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM.
- You can vote in person, by post, or by proxy (someone votes on your behalf).
- Counting the Votes: After polls close, votes are counted, and results are announced, often overnight.
- Winning: The candidate with the most votes in each constituency becomes an MP. The party with the majority of MPs usually forms the government.
2. Local Elections: Making a Difference in Your Community
What Are They?
Local elections let you choose councillors to run local services like libraries, housing, and public transport.
When Do They Happen?
- Every four years in most areas. Some councils elect a portion of councillors every year.
How Do They Work?
- Notice of Election: Councils announce the election schedule at least 25 days before polling day.
- Nominations: Candidates submit their applications to stand for election.
- Voting Day: Just like general elections, polling stations are open from 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM.
- Results: Votes are counted locally, and winners are declared.
3. Mayoral Elections: Leadership for Cities and Regions
What Are They?
Mayoral elections are held to elect a mayor for a city or region. Mayors oversee large-scale projects like transport systems and economic development.
When Do They Happen?
- Every four years in regions with directly elected mayors, like London and Greater Manchester.
How Do They Work?
Voting System:
- Mayoral elections use the Supplementary Vote (SV) system.
- You choose your first and second preference candidates.
- If no one gets 50% of first-choice votes, second choices are counted to decide the winner.
Campaigning and Voting:
- Candidates focus on regional priorities like housing, jobs, and transport.
4. Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) Elections: Ensuring Public Safety
What Are They?
PCC elections elect officials to oversee police forces and ensure accountability.
When Do They Happen?
- Every four years.
How Do They Work?
- Voting System: PCC elections also use the Supplementary Vote (SV) system.
- Responsibilities of PCCs: After being elected, commissioners work with local communities to set policing priorities and budgets.
5. By-Elections: Filling Vacant Seats
What Are They?
By-elections are held when an MP, councillor, or other elected official leaves their post unexpectedly (e.g., resignation or death).
When Do They Happen?
- As needed, whenever a vacancy arises.
How Do They Work?
- The process mirrors regular elections, but it focuses on the specific seat that’s vacant.
6. Referendums: Deciding Big Questions
What Are They?
A referendum asks voters to decide on a specific issue, such as whether the UK should leave the EU (Brexit referendum).
When Do They Happen?
- Rare, called only when the government decides an issue is important enough to need public input.
How Do They Work?
- Question Announcement: The government sets a clear question for voters.
- Voting: The process is the same as other elections.
- Result: The outcome directly influences government policy.
What Happens on Election Day?
Here’s a quick look at what to expect:
- Polling Stations Open: From 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM, you can cast your vote.
- How to Vote:
- Show your photo ID (introduced in 2023).
- Mark your ballot paper privately and drop it into the ballot box.
- After Polls Close: Votes are counted, and results are announced.
Why Understanding Elections Matters
Each type of election impacts different parts of your life. By understanding when and how elections happen, you can make informed decisions and ensure your voice is heard.
Elections aren’t just about choosing leaders; they’re about shaping the future of your community, your region, and your country.
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